![]() The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials are to evaluate the effects of HMEs and HHs in preventing artificial airway occlusion and pneumonia, and on mortality in adult critically ill patients. ![]() In clinical practice, humidification during MV is widely accepted and applied however, there is lack of consensus on the optimal device to humidify the airways. HHs may result in increased airway hydration, decreased incidence of bacterial infection and work of breathing, while HMEs may increase the risk of airway occlusion. To date, humidification devices can be divided into active heated humidifiers (HHs), which are devices heated by warm water, and passive devices such as heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs), which capture the heat of exhaled air and release it at the next inspiration. For these reasons, gas delivered during MV must be warmed and humidified to avoid serious complications related to dry gases. As a consequence, the lack of adequate conditioning may thicken airway secretions, which increases the airway resistance, reduces the gas exchange effectiveness and increases the risk of respiratory infections. ![]() Mechanical ventilation (MV) suppresses the mechanisms that heat and moisturize inhaled air. ![]()
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